The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic mountain cycle and the Krebs cycle, completes the oxidation of glucose by taking the pyruvates from glycolysis (and various other pathways), by means of the shift reaction pointed out previously, and totally breaking castle down into (CO_2) molecules, (H_2O) molecules, and generating added ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In prokaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic chathamtownfc.net cells the citric mountain cycle takes ar in the matrix of the mitochondria.
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The overall reaction because that the citric mountain cycle is:
< ext2 acetyl groups + 6 NAD^+ + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 P_i>
< ightarrow 4 CO_2 + 6 NADH + 6 H^+ + 2 FADH_2 + 2 ATP>
The citric mountain cycle (Figure number (PageIndex1)) provides a series of intermediate compounds the donate protons and also electrons to the electron carry chain by method of the diminished coenzymes (NADH) and also (FADH_2). The electron carry chain then generates extr ATPs through oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle likewise produces 2 ATP through substrate phosphorylation and plays vital role in the flow of carbon with the cell by offering precursor metabolites for assorted chathamtownfc.netsynthetic pathways.

The citric acid cycle entails 8 unique steps, every catalyzed by a distinctive enzyme. You room not responsible for knowing the chemical frameworks or enzymes involved in the steps below. They are had to aid illustrate just how the molecules in the pathway space manipulated by the enzymes in order to to accomplish the forced products.
Step 1: The citric mountain cycle starts when Coenzyme A transfers its 2-carbon acetyl group to the 4-carbon link oxaloacetate to type the 6-carbon molecule citrate (Figure number (PageIndex2)).

Step 2: The citrate is rearranged to type an isomeric form, isocitrate (Figure (PageIndex3)).

Step 3: The 6-carbon isocitrate is oxidized and a molecule the carbon dioxide is removed creating the 5-carbon molecule alpha-ketoglutarate. Throughout this oxidation, (NAD^+) is lessened to (NADH) and also (H^+) (Figure (PageIndex4)).

Step 4: Alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized, carbon dioxide is removed, and also coenzyme A is added to type the 4-carbon link succinyl-CoA. Throughout this oxidation, NAD+ is diminished to NADH + H+ (Figure (PageIndex5)).

Step 5: CoA is eliminated from succinyl-CoA to create succinate. The energy released is offered to do guanosine tree phosphate (GTP) from guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and Pi by substrate-level phosphorylation. GTP can then be offered to make ATP (Figure (PageIndex6)).

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Step 6: Succinate is oxidized come fumarate. Throughout this oxidation, (FAD) is diminished to (FADH_2) (Figure (PageIndex7)).